Fluid-based triboelectric nanogenerators: unveiling the prolific landscape of renewable energy harvesting and beyond

Fluid-based triboelectric nanogenerators (F-TENGs) represent a cutting-edge technology that leverages fluids as a contact medium to harness renewable energy through contact electrification (CE) and electrostatic induction. Noteworthy is their remarkable capacity to convert continuous mechanical energy into electricity from environmental sources such as natural wind, river flow, and raindrops. The review delves into the prominent characteristics of F-TENGs, providing a retrospective analysis of their developmental journey and foundational structure. It critically examines key factors influencing power generation capability and output performance, offering insights into the typical structures of F-TENGs in practical applications. The paper highlights the significant achievements of F-TENGs across diverse domains including agriculture, the Internet of Things, environment, transportation, industry, microfluidics, and life science. Furthermore, it discusses the future development directions of F-TENGs, shedding light on the current challenges they face. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners, offering a comprehensive understanding of F-TENG's capabilities, applications, and avenues for future exploration in the realm of renewable energy and self-sustained sensor technologies. Fluid-based triboelectric nanogenerators (F-TENGs) represent a cutting-edge technology that leverages fluids as a contact medium to harness renewable energy through contact electrification (CE) and electrostatic induction.