MicroRNAs targeting TGF-β signaling exacerbate central nervous system autoimmunity by disrupting regulatory T cell development and function

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling is essential for a balanced immune response by mediating the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppressing autoreactive T cells. Disruption of this balance can result in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) targeting TGF-beta signaling have been shown to be upregulated in naive CD4 T cells in MS patients, resulting in a limited in vitro generation of human Tregs. Utilizing the murine model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we show that perinatal administration of miRNAs, which target the TGF-beta signaling pathway, enhanced susceptibility to central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. Neonatal mice administered with these miRNAs further exhibited reduced Treg frequencies with a loss in T cell receptor repertoire diversity following the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in adulthood. Exacerbated CNS autoimmunity as a result of miRNA overexpression in CD4 T cells was accompanied by enhanced Th1 and Th17 cell frequencies. These findings demonstrate that increased levels of TGF-beta-associated miRNAs impede the development of a diverse Treg population, leading to enhanced effector cell activity, and contributing to an increased susceptibility to CNS autoimmunity. Thus, TGF-beta-targeting miRNAs could be a risk factor for MS, and recovering optimal TGF-beta signaling may restore immune homeostasis in MS patients. Graphical Abstract: TGF-beta signaling targeting miRNAs that were differentially expressed in naive CD4 T cells of MS patients exacerbate CNS inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). These miRNAs caused a reduction of nTregs in neonatal mice, a reduced TCR repertoire in Tregs in mice with EAE, and increased inflammatory CD4 T cells. image