Recent Advances in Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Detection, Treatment, and Vaccination: Overview of Current Status and Challenges

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus, and zoonosis, and affects large regions of Asia, Southwestern and Southeastern Europe, and Africa. CCHFV can produce symptoms, including no specific clinical symptoms, mild to severe clinical symptoms, or deadly infections. Virus isolation attempts, antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are all possible diagnostic tests for CCHFV. Furthermore, an efficient, quick, and cheap technology, including biosensors, must be designed and developed to detect CCHFV. The goal of this article is to offer an overview of modern laboratory tests available as well as other innovative detection methods such as biosensors for CCHFV, as well as the benefits and limits of the assays. Furthermore, confirmed cases of CCHF are managed with symptomatic assistance and general supportive care. This study examined the various treatment modalities, as well as their respective limitations and developments, including immunotherapy and antivirals. Recent biotechnology advancements and the availability of suitable animal models have accelerated the development of CCHF vaccines by a substantial margin. We examined a range of potential vaccines for CCHF in this research, comprising nucleic acid, viral particles, inactivated, and multi-epitope vaccines, as well as the present obstacles and developments in this field. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present a comprehensive summary of the endeavors dedicated to advancing various diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies for CCHF infection in anticipation of forthcoming hazards.Graphical AbstractFor the protection of medical personnel and effective case management, an early diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is critical. CCHF is diagnosed through laboratory procedures such as RT-PCR, ELISA, virus isolation attempts, and ELISA detection of IgG and IgM antibodies. This review examines several biomarkers researched for their potential use in the diagnosis and prognosis of critical viral infections. It also explores the utility of more traditional diagnostic markers in predicting secondary complications, distinguishing Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection, and serving as severity indicators. CCHFV vaccine development is advancing at an accelerated rate, facilitated by the availability of a lethal animal infection model. Hence, this review aims to furnish a comprehensive synopsis of the endeavors devoted to various vaccine candidates utilizing distinct approaches against CCHFV. These candidates comprise inactivated, virus-like particles, recombinant proteins, and nucleic acid vaccines. Furthermore, supportive therapy serves as the principal modality of treatment. Human cases of CCHF have been treated with ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral medication; nevertheless, the therapeutic advantages of this intervention remain elusive. This article analyzes the present advancements and prospective trajectories in the realm of antiviral approaches targeting CCHFV.