Investigating the influence of Cu and Ti substitution on the structural, optical, and dielectric properties of BiFeO3

The environmentally friendly BiFe1-x(Ti1/2Cu1/2)(x)O-3 system with various substitution rates, including x = 0 (BFO), x = 0.02 (BFTCO2) and x = 0.04 (BFTCO4), has been synthesized using the solid-state reaction technique. All compositions exhibited a distorted rhombohedral structure with R3c space, as observed from the results of XRD and Raman spectroscopy. A significant impurity phase (Bi25FeO40) appears in pure and doped BFO, with a percentage ranging between 6 and 9%. This impurity was also detected using M & ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy. UV-vis spectroscopy revealed a decrease in optical band energy with the substitution, suggesting the potential applications of doped BFO within the visible range of the spectrum, making it suitable for photocatalytic and solar cell applications. The smallest bandgap was observed for BFTCO2 with E-g = 1.93 eV. The origin of this reduction is discussed from a scientific point of view. Furthermore, Cu2+ and Ti4+ co-doped BFO display an improvement in dielectric properties due to the reduction in the value of tan delta. Dielectric measurements revealed an anomaly below T-N with diffusive and dispersive behavior, suggesting a relaxor-like behavior for all compositions. The relaxor character was quantified by using the Vogel-Fulcher relationship which yielded activation energy of 0.359-0.614 eV. In our system, the relaxor behavior showed an enhancement with the heterogeneity created by the substitution rate, reaching its maximum for BFTCO4, characterized by the empirical parameters which are: Delta T-relax = 96 K and gamma = 1.96. Finally, co-doped BFO ceramics not only present promising materials for optical applications due to the narrow bandgap, but their relaxor behavior can also be tailored for promising applications in high-energy storage devices.