Towards High Value-Added Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries for Catalysis Application

With the proposal of the global carbon neutrality target, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are bound to set off the next wave of applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and energy-storage grids due to their unique merits. However, the growing LIB market poses a severe challenge for waste management during LIB recycling after end-of-life, which could cause serious environmental pollution and resource waste without proper treatment. Pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling of spent LIBs have been developed, guided by the "waste to wealth" principle, and were applied to LIB remanufacturing. However, some spent LIB materials with low values or great direct regeneration difficulties may not be suitable for the above options, necessitating expanded application ranges of spent LIBs. Considering their unique compositions, using waste electrode materials directly or as precursors to prepare advanced catalysts has been proposed as another promising disposal technology for end-of-life LIBs. For example, transition metal elements in the cathode, like Ni, Co, Mn, and Fe, have been identified as catalytic active centers, and graphite anodes can serve as the catalyst loading matrix. This scheme has been adopted in various catalysis applications, and preliminary progress has been made. Therefore, this review summarizes and discusses the application of spent LIB recycling materials in catalysis and classified it into three aspects: environmental remediation, substance conversion, and battery-related catalysis. Moreover, the existing challenges and possible foci of future research on spent LIB recycling are also discussed. This review is anticipated to mark the start of close attention to the high-value-added applications of spent LIB products, enhancing economic efficiency and sustainable development.Graphical AbstractContinuing global growth in consumer electronics, electric vehicles and new energy power generation has caused tremendous demand for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), and the recycling of end-of-life LIBs has become a priority for sustainable development. In addition to the remanufacturing of LIBs, spent LIB products with high value-added components have received more attention in catalysis. Catalysts prepared from spent LIB electrode materials exhibit superior performance in the field of environmental remediation, substance conversion, and batteries-related catalysis, which are summarized and discussed in this review.