Is lean manufacturing maturity a prerequisite for industry 4.0? Survey of SMEs in Japan and Brazil

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between Lean manufacturing and Industry 4.0 for small and medium size of enterprise in Japan and Brazil.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a quantitative survey (20 companies in Japan and 30 companies in Brazil) combined with a qualitative interview (2 companies in Japan and 15 companies in Brazil).FindingsAccording to the quantitative study, 90% of them practice Lean manufacturing and 40% of them practice Industry 4.0. In the qualitative study in Brazil, four managers responded that the Lean manufacturing is a prerequisite for Industry 4.0 since any production process with waste cannot be productive, even with sophisticated digitalization technology.Originality/valueThe authors explored further the relationship between "defensive Digital Transformation (DX)," which is based mainly on Lean manufacturing, and "offensive DX," which relates to customer value creation through Industry 4.0. This study clarifies the relationship and plays as a roadmap to develop better the manufacturing from current status to the vision of Industry 4.0.