Customer-oriented scheduling of active distribution system considering integrated demand response programs and multi-carrier energy hubs

The increasing development of infrastructure and improvement of automation services have changed the role of household loads from fixed and unresponsive loads to responsive household loads. Meanwhile, the demand response program capability of smart residential consumers, considering their comfort level along with their power exchange effects on energy hubs, is an important part of active distribution system Scheduling, which should be noted comprehensively. In this regard, this paper presents a two-stage optimization framework based on iteration for customer-oriented scheduling of an active distribution system by incorporating the participation of smart residential consumers in energy hubs. In the first stage-first level, a flexible integrated demand response program process along with a storage system for smart residential consumers with real-time electricity prices is implemented to maximize the comfort level of smart residential consumers. In the first stage-second level, the energy hub operator presents day-ahead optimal self-scheduling to maximize their profit and send their bid strategies to the distribution system operator, considering the effects of smart residential consumer's power exchange on profit and cost. Finally, in the second stage of the optimization model, customer-oriented scheduling of an active distribution system is implemented by the distribution system operator to minimize operating costs. The comfort level of smart residential consumers for 20, 25, and 30 households of the first, second, and third energy hubs are increased by 112.92%, 161.64%, and 120.77%, respectively, compared to the base case. In addition, the total operating costs of active distribution system and energy hubs are reduced by $38,200, $4643, $3287, and $5523, respectively, compared to the base case.