A National Survey of Problem-Solving Court Staff Perceptions of In-Person versus Virtual Hearings

During the COVID-19 pandemic, problem -solving courts adopted virtual hearings. We conducted an online nationwide survey with a convenience sample of court staff to elicit their perceptions of court participants' attendance, engagement, willingness to talk, and ability to form connection with judges during in -person versus virtual hearings. Sign tests compared ordinal ratings for perceptions of court participant outcomes during in -person versus virtual hearing modalities, and for audiovisual technology versus audio -only technology. The final analysis included 146 staff. Staff felt that during in -person hearings judges could form closer relationships with participants, quality of information exchanged was higher, and participants were more willing to talk. Staff rated attendance as high regardless of the modality. Staff felt participant engagement was higher with audiovisual technology than audio -only technology. Our results suggest that staff have concerns about effects of virtual hearings on court participant engagement and ability to form relationships with judges. Courts should address these potential negative effects of virtual hearings. We are concerned that staff perceived participants more negatively when participants used audio -only versus audiovisual technology, because technology access could be associated with participant demographic characteristics. Further research is needed to examine court participant perceptions and outcomes.