Association between risk of preterm birth and long-term and short-term exposure to ambient carbon monoxide during pregnancy in chongqing, China: a study from 2016-2020

Background Preterm birth (PTB) is an important predictor of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Previous researches have reported a correlation between air pollution and an increased risk of preterm birth. However, the specific relationship between short-term and long-term exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) and preterm birth remains less explored. Methods A population-based study was conducted among 515,498 pregnant women in Chongqing, China, to assess short-term and long-term effects of CO on preterm and very preterm births. Generalized additive models (GAM) were applied to evaluate short-term effects, and exposure-response correlation curves were plotted after adjusting for confounding factors. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using COX proportional hazard models to estimate the long-term effect. Results The daily incidence of preterm and very preterm birth was 5.99% and 0.41%, respectively. A positive association between a 100 mu g/m(3) increase in CO and PTB was observed at lag 0-3 days and 12-21 days, with a maximum relative risk (RR) of 1.021(95%CI: 1.001-1.043). The exposure-response curves (lag 0 day) revealed a rapid increase in PTB due to CO. Regarding long-term exposure, positive associations were found between a 100 mu g/m(3) CO increase for each trimester(Model 2 for trimester 1: HR = 1.054, 95%CI: 1.048-1.060; Model 2 for trimester 2: HR = 1.066, 95%CI: 1.060-1.073; Model 2 for trimester 3: HR = 1.007, 95%CI: 1.001-1.013; Model 2 for entire pregnancy: HR = 1.080, 95%CI: 1.073-1.088) and higher HRs of very preterm birth. Multiplicative interactions between air pollution and CO on the risk of preterm and very preterm birth were detected (P- interaction<0.05). Conclusions Our findings suggest that short-term exposure to low levels of CO may have protective effects against preterm birth, while long-term exposure to low concentrations of CO may reduce the risk of both preterm and very preterm birth. Moreover, our study indicated that very preterm birth is more susceptible to the influence of long-term exposure to CO during pregnancy, with acute CO exposure exhibiting a greater impact on preterm birth. It is imperative for pregnant women to minimize exposure to ambient air pollutants.