Effects of redox on the phosphorus removal ability of iron-rich phosphorus sorption materials

Iron-rich phosphorus (P) sorption materials (PSMs) are often used in P removal structures, a best management practice able to sequester dissolved P from surface runoff, subsurface drainage, and wastewater. The use of bottom-upward flow in these structures is of great interest, but it creates an intrinsic complication: the presence of stagnant water between flow events may cause structures to develop anoxic conditions. It is unknown whether the redox sensitivity of iron (Fe), the predominant element in Fe-rich PSMs, will affect P binding under anoxic conditions. Understanding the potential impact of intermittent anoxic conditions on the solubility of previously adsorbed P is imperative for determining the feasibility of the bottom-up flow design. The objective of this research was to investigate the (1) development of anoxic conditions in the presence of Fe-rich PSM and tile drainage, (2) Fe-bound P mobilization and solubility, and (3) changes in P sorption capacity of Fe-rich PSMs after oxic conditions are restored. Three Fe-rich PSMs were tested in batch incubation studies: acid mine drainage residual, Fe-coated alumina, and steel metal shavings. Non-treated and P-treated PSM samples were incubated in biogeochemical reactors for as long as necessary to reach Eh = −200 mV. After incubation, dissolved P concentrations in P-treated samples and non-treated samples were similarly low, indicating stability of P retention of PSMs under anoxic conditions. The P removal ability of non-treated PSMs before and after undergoing incubation was not significantly altered, as determined in flow-through experiments. Potentially harmful trace metals were not detected in the incubated solutions. Our research shows that the development of anoxic conditions does not significantly impact PSMs Fe-bound P dissolution, and the P removal ability of PSMs persists after oxic conditions are reestablished. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd