Evaluation of Left Ventricular Flow Kinetic Energy by Four-Dimensional Blood Flow MRI in Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased, and early cardiovascular disease risk. Changes in hemodynamics within the left ventricle (LV) respond to cardiac remodeling. The LV hemodynamics in nondialysis CKD patients are not clearly understood. Purpose: To use four-dimensional blood flow MRI (4D flow MRI) to explore changes in LV kinetic energy (KE) and the relationship between LV KE and LV remodeling in CKD patients. Study Type: Retrospective. Population: 98 predialysis CKD patients (Stage 3: n = 21, stage 4: n = 21, and stage 5: n = 56) and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T/balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) cine sequence, 4D flow MRI with a fast field echo sequence, T1 mapping with a modified Look-Locker SSFP sequence, and T2 mapping with a gradient recalled and spin echo sequence. Assessment: Demographic characteristics (age, sex, height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, aortic regurgitation, and mitral regurgitation) and laboratory data (eGFR, Creatinine, hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin saturation, potassium, and carbon dioxide bonding capacity) were extracted from patient records. Myocardial T1, T2, LV ejection fraction, end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume, LV flow components (direct flow, delayed ejection, retained inflow, and residual volume) and KE parameters (peak systolic, systolic, diastolic, peak E-wave, peak A-wave, E/A ratio, and global) were assessed. The KE parameters were normalized to EDV (KEiEDV). Parameters were compared between disease stage in CKD patients, and between CKD patients and healthy controls. Statistical TestsDifferences in clinical and imaging parameters between groups were compared using one-way ANOVA, Kruskal Walls and Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. Pearson or Spearman's correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression analysis were used to compare the correlation between LV KE and other clinical and functional parameters. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Compared with healthy controls, peak systolic (24.76 +/- 5.40 mu J/mL vs. 31.86 +/- 13.18 mu J/mL), systolic (11.62 +/- 2.29 mu J/mL vs. 15.27 +/- 5.10 mu J/mL), diastolic (7.95 +/- 1.92 mu J/mL vs. 13.33 +/- 5.15 mu J/mL), peak A-wave (15.95 +/- 4.86 mu J/mL vs. 31.98 +/- 14.51 mu J/mL), and global KEiEDV (9.40 +/- 1.64 mu J/mL vs. 14.02 +/- 4.14 mu J/mL) were significantly increased and the KEiEDV E/A ratio (1.16 +/- 0.67 vs. 0.69 +/- 0.53) was significantly decreased in CKD patients. As the CKD stage progressed, both diastolic KEiEDV (10.45 +/- 4.30 mu J/mL vs. 12.28 +/- 4.85 mu J/mL vs. 14.80 +/- 5.06 mu J/mL) and peak E-wave KEiEDV (15.30 +/- 7.06 mu J/mL vs. 14.69 +/- 8.20 mu J/mL vs. 19.33 +/- 8.29 mu J/mL) increased significantly. In multiple regression analysis, global KEiEDV (beta* = 0.505; beta* = 0.328), and proportion of direct flow (beta* = -0.376; beta* = -0.410) demonstrated an independent association with T1 and T2 times. Data Conclusion: 4D flow MRI-derived LV KE parameters show altered LV adaptations in CKD patients and correlate independently with T1 and T2 mapping that may represent myocardial fibrosis and edema.