Research on the grouped orthonormalization method in ghost imaging

Ghost imaging (GI) has found application across diverse fields owing to its distinctive benefits. When employing the rotating ground-glass scheme and utilizing second-order correlation for image reconstruction, the efficiency of imaging is hindered by the multiple sampling of reference patterns. To address this, the orthonormalization method has been employed to enhance image quality and reduce the required number of measurements. Despite its effectiveness, the original orthonormalization method is prone to accumulating imaging noise and errors as the number of measurements increases, leading to a significant degradation in image quality. To overcome this limitation, this paper introduces the grouped orthonormalization method (GO-GI) as an extension of the orthonormalization technique. By adjusting the 'group size', this method enables control over the accumulation of errors, resulting in an improvement in image quality. The evaluation of image quality in terms of Contrast-to-Noise demonstrates the significant advantages of the GO-GI method in both simulation and experimental results. This study establishes the GO-GI method as a simple yet practical approach in the realm of GI.