Assessing nitrate groundwater hotspots in Europe reveals an inadequate designation of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones

被引：9

作者：

Serra J. ^{[1
]}

Marques-dos-Santos C. ^{[1
]}

Marinheiro J. ^{[1
]}

Cruz S. ^{[1
]}

Cameira M.R. ^{[2
]}

de Vries W. ^{[3
]}

Dalgaard T. ^{[4
]}

Hutchings N.J. ^{[4
]}

Graversgaard M. ^{[4
]}

Giannini-Kurina F. ^{[4
]}

Lassaletta L. ^{[5
]}

Sanz-Cobeña A. ^{[5
]}

Quemada M. ^{[5
]}

Aguilera E. ^{[5
]}

Medinets S. ^{[6
,7
]}

Einarsson R. ^{[8
]}

Garnier J. ^{[9
]}

机构：

[1] Forest Research Centre CEF, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomía, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon

[2] LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food-Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon

[3] Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen

[4] Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, Tjele

[5] CEIGRAM/ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid

[6] Odesa National I. I. Mechnikov University, 7 Mayakovskogo lane, Odesa

[7] UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (Edinburgh), Bush Estate, Penicuik

[8] Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala

[9] SU CNRS EPHE, UMR Metis, Paris

来源：

Chemosphere | 2024年 / 355卷

基金：

欧盟地平线“2020”;

关键词：

Groundwater - Laws and legislation;

D O I：

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141830

中图分类号：

学科分类号：

摘要：

Monitoring networks show that the European Union Nitrates Directive (ND) has had mixed success in reducing nitrate concentrations in groundwater. By combining machine learning and monitored nitrate concentrations (1992–2019), we estimate the total area of nitrate hotspots in Europe to be 401,000 km2, with 47% occurring outside of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs). We also found contrasting increasing or decreasing trends, varying per country and time periods. We estimate that only 5% of the 122,000 km2 of hotspots in 2019 will meet nitrate quality standards by 2040 and that these may be offset by the appearance of new hotspots. Our results reveal that the effectiveness of the ND is limited by both time-lags between the implementation of good practices and pollution reduction and an inadequate designation of NVZs. Substantial improvements in the designation and regulation of NVZs are necessary, as well as in the quality of monitoring stations in terms of spatial density and information available concerning sampling depth, if the objectives of EU legislation to protect groundwater are to be achieved. © 2024 The Author(s)

引用

共 67 条

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