Why does tropical cyclone intensify faster under weaker parameterized horizontal diffusion in three-dimensional numerical simulations?

The mechanisms by which the parameterized horizontal diffusion impacts the tropical cyclone (TC) intensification are investigated via a series of numerical simulations of Supertyphoon Lekima (2019) with different horizontal mixing lengths ( L h ). Consistent with previous studies, the TC intensifies faster and attains a higher peak intensity as L h decreases, which is attributed to a more compact wind structure and the stronger eyewall convective heating. The azimuthal -mean tangential wind and vertical momentum budgets are conducted to explain the differences in TC size and convective strength between the simulations. It is found that when horizontal diffusion weakens, the eddy mixing of tangential momentum becomes larger inside the radius of maximum wind, therefore promoting size contraction. The stronger eddy mixing is attributed to the more active eyewall mesovortices whose growth is suppressed when horizontal diffusion strengthens. The vertical momentum budget results indicate that the air parcels in the simulation with smaller L h experience stronger upward buoyancy force in the lower -to -mid troposphere (3 - 7 km) than those in the larger- L h simulation, leading to more vigorous eyewall convection. It is further revealed that the reduced horizontal diffusion helps maintain the strength of virtual potential temperature perturbations and therefore the buoyancy in the eyewall updrafts. The findings from this study imply that the horizontal diffusion plays an important role in regulating the mesoscale and convective -scale processes in the inner -core region and improvements in its parameterization are urged for improving TC intensity forecast.