Mass flow of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a Swedish municipal wastewater network and wastewater treatment plant

被引：26
作者：
Gobelius L. [1 ]
Glimstedt L. [1 ]
Olsson J. [2 ]
Wiberg K. [1 ]
Ahrens L. [1 ]
机构：
[1] Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, Uppsala
[2] Uppsala Water and Waste Ltd., Box 1444, Uppsala
来源：
Chemosphere | 2023年 / 336卷
关键词：
Mass flow; PFAS; Pipe network; Removal efficiency; Sludge; Wastewater treatment;
D O I：
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139182
中图分类号：
学科分类号：
摘要：
Per: and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitously distributed in wastewater, due to their numerous uses in industry and consumer products, but little is known of PFAS mass flows in municipal wastewater network systems and within wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study assessed mass flows of 26 PFAS in a wastewater network and WWTP, to provide new insights into their sources, transport, and fate in different treatment steps. Wastewater and sludge samples were collected from pumping stations and the main WWTP in Uppsala, Sweden. PFAS composition profiles and mass flows were used to identify sources within the sewage network. Wastewater from one pumping station showed elevated concentrations of C3–C8 PFCA, likely caused by an industrial source, and two stations had elevated concentrations of 6:2 FTSA, probably originating from a nearby firefighter training facility. Within the WWTP, short-chain PFAS dominated in wastewater, whereas long-chain PFAS dominated in sludge. The ratio of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSA) and ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid (EtFOSAA) to ∑26PFAS decreased during the WWTP process, likely due to sorption to sludge, but also transformation (EtFOSAA). Overall, PFAS were not efficiently removed in the WWTP, with mean removal efficiency of 10 ± 68% for individual PFAS, resulting in discharge of 7000 mg d−1 ∑26PFAS into the recipient. This shows that conventional WWTPs are inefficient in removing PFAS from wastewater and sludge, so advanced treatment techniques are needed. © 2023 The Authors
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