Burden of liver cancer mortality by county, race, and ethnicity in the USA, 2000-19: a systematic analysis of health disparities

Background Understanding how specific populations are affected by liver cancer is important for identifying priorities, policies, and interventions to mitigate health risks and reduce disparities. This study aims to provide comprehensive analysis of rates and trends in liver cancer mortality for different racial and ethnic populations in the USA nationally and at the county level from 2000 to 2019. Methods We applied small-area estimation methods to death registration data from the US National Vital Statistics System and population data from the US National Center for Health Statistics to estimate liver cancer mortality rates by county, racial and ethnic population, and year (2000-19) in the USA. Race and ethnicity were categorised as nonLatino and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN), non-Latino and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (Asian), non-Latino and non-Hispanic Black (Black), Latino or Hispanic (Latino), and non-Latino and nonHispanic White (White). Estimates were adjusted using published misclassification ratios to correct for inaccuracies in race or ethnicity as recorded on death certificates, and then age-standardised. Mortality rate estimates are presented for all county and racial and ethnic population combinations with a mean annual population greater than 1000. Findings Nationally, the age-standardised liver cancer mortality rate increased between the years 2000 (4<middle dot>2 deaths per 100 000 population [95% uncertainty interval 4<middle dot>1-4<middle dot>3]) and 2016 (6<middle dot>0 per 100 000 [5<middle dot>9-6<middle dot>1]), followed by a stabilisation in rates from 2016 to 2019 (6<middle dot>1 per 100 000 [6<middle dot>0-6<middle dot>2]). Similar trends were observed across the AIAN, Black, Latino, and White populations, whereas the Asian population showed an overall decrease across the 20-year study period. Qualitatively similar trends were observed in most counties; however, the mortality rate and the rate of change varied substantially across counties, both within and across racial and ethnic populations. For the 2016-19 period, mortality continued to increase at a substantial rate in some counties even while it stabilised nationally. Nationally, the White population had the lowest mortality rate in all years, while the racial and ethnic population with the highest rate changed from the Asian population in 2000 to the AIAN population in 2019. Racial and ethnic disparities were substantial: in 2019, mortality was highest in the AIAN population (10<middle dot>5 deaths per 100 000 [9<middle dot>1-12<middle dot>0]), notably lower for the Asian (7<middle dot>5 per 100 000 [7<middle dot>1-7<middle dot>9]), Black (7<middle dot>6 per 100 000 [7<middle dot>3-7<middle dot>8]), and Latino (7<middle dot>7 per 100 000 [7<middle dot>5-8<middle dot>0]) populations, and lowest for the White population (5<middle dot>5 [5<middle dot>4-5<middle dot>6]). These racial and ethnic disparities in mortality were prevalent throughout the country: in 2019, mortality was higher in minoritised racial and ethnic populations than in the White population living in the same county in 408 (87<middle dot>7%) of 465 counties with unmasked estimates for the AIAN population, 604 (90<middle dot>6%) of 667 counties for the Asian population, 1207 (81<middle dot>2%) of 1486 counties for the Black population, and 1073 (73<middle dot>0%) of 1469 counties for the Latino population. Interpretation Although the plateau in liver cancer mortality rates in recent years is encouraging, mortality remains too high in many locations throughout the USA, particularly for minoritised racial and ethnic populations. Addressing population-specific risk factors and differences in access to quality health care is essential for decreasing the burden and disparities in liver cancer mortality across racial and ethnic populations and locations. Funding US National Institutes of Health (Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Intramural Research Program, National Cancer Institute; National Institute on Aging; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; Office of Disease Prevention; and Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research). Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.