Effects of Tripleurospermum caucasicum, Salvia rosmarinus and Tanacetum fruticulosum essential oils on aflatoxin B1 production and aflR gene expression in Aspergillus flavus

Aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) is one of the most hazardous mycotoxins for humans and livestock that mainly produced by members of the genus Aspergillus in a variety of food commodities. In this study, the effect of S. rosmarinus, T. fruticulosum, and T. caucasicum essential oils (EOs) was studied on fungal growth, AFB(1) production and aflR gene expression in toxigenic A. flavus IPI 247. The AFB(1) producer A. flavus strain was cultured in YES medium in presence of various two-fold concentrations of the plant EOs (62.5-500 mu g/mL) for 4 days at 28 degrees C. EO composition of plants was analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The amount of fungal growth, ergosterol content of fungal mycelia and AFB(1) content of EO-treated and non-treated controls were measured. The expression of aflR gene was evaluated using Real-time PCR in the fungus exposed to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) of EOs. The main constituents of the oils analyzed by GC/MS analysis were elemicin (33.80 %) and 2,3-dihydro farnesol (33.19 %) in T. caucasicum, 1,8-cineole (17.87 %), trans-caryophyllene (11.14 %), alpha and ss-pinene (10.92 and 8.83 %) in S. rosmarinus, and camphor (17.65 %), bornyl acetate (15.08 %), borneol (12.48 %) and camphene (11.72 %) in T. fruticulosum. The results showed that plant EOs at the concentration of 500 mu g/mL suppressed significantly the fungal growth by 35.24-71.70 %, while mycelial ergosterol content and AFB(1) production were inhibited meaningfully by 36.20-65.51 % and 20.61-89.16 %. T. caucasicum was the most effective plant, while T. fruticulosum showed the lowest effectiveness on fungal growth and AFB(1) production. The expression of aflR in T. caucasicum and S. rosmarinus -treated fungus was significantly down-regulated by 2.85 and 2.12 folds, respectively, while it did not change in T. fruticulosum-treated A. flavus compared to non-treated controls. Our findings on the inhibitory activity of T. caucasicum and S. rosmarinus EOs toward A. flavus growth and AFB(1) production could promise these plants as good candidates to control fungal contamination of agricultural crops and food commodities and subsequent contamination by AFB(1). Down-regulation of aflR as the key regulatory gene in AF biosynthesis pathway warrants the use of these plants in AF control programs. Further studies to evaluate the inhibitory activity of studied plants EOs in food model systems are recommended.