Rapid startup of aerobic granular sludge: Recent advances and future challenges

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) biotechnology has recently obtained considerable interest as a viable alternative to the activated sludge process (ASP) technique. This is because AGS can improve the performance of wastewater treatment and its significant capability for attaining sustainable growth. One of the main challenging issues for the aerobic granular sludge is the long startup time in wastewater treatment. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of AGS biotechnology, aiming specifically at its global adoption, startup duration, and granule stability. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is becoming more widespread globally. To ensure the successful implementation of AGS biotechnology, it is crucial to thoroughly identify the development of dense and stable granules, which is vital for the proper operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Additionally, it offers a comprehensive summary of the latest advancements in the inoculum and polymer additives and their respective contributions to accelerate various processes through distinct mechanisms. In addition, this paper reviews the prevailing research patterns in the prompt initiation of rapid startup of AGS technology and outlines specific issues for future investigations.