In vitro and In silico evaluation of the antioxidant, anti-microbial and antihyperglycemic properties of giloy (Tinospora cordifolia L.) stem extract

Recently, the discovery of active components of the Tinospora cordifolia plant and their biological function in disease control has piqued the curiosity of scientists all over the world. As a result, the current study sought to assess the nutritional and biological efficacy of T. cordifolia stem. The proximate composition, mineral profile, total phenolic content, antioxidant, anti-microbial and in silico analysis of T. cordifolia stem were all investigated. A DPPH assay was used to assess T. cordifolia's antioxidant properties. Endodontic pathogens like Enterococcus faecalis, Shigella boydii, and Escherichia coli were tested for antimicrobial effectiveness. The presence of moisture (5.48%), proteins (6.86%), carbs (79.63%), fibers (21.75%), and ash (6.44%) was found in the proximate composition. The energy value per gram was 360.23 kcal. T. cordifolia stem minerals were detected in trace levels. At 0.4 mg/mL, the DPPH scavenging activity of the ethanol and aqueous extracts was 55.7% and 10.2%, respectively, and 27.6% and 6.5% at 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Both extracts inhibited pathogenic strains of E. coli, E. faecalis, and S. boydii. T. cordifolia stem extracts treated in ethanol appear to be less efficient against E. coli and E. faecalis infections. In silico analysis revealed that the majority of alkaloids found in T. cordifolia have binding affinities ranging from -5 to -8.4 kcal/mol for dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4), a key enzyme responsible for inhibiting insulin secretion and causing a high blood glucose level. Tinosporin exhibited the highest binding affinity for the DPP-4 enzyme, followed by palmarin with affinities of -8.4 and -8.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The findings of this study will provide exciting prospects for researchers, scientists, and professionals in the food and pharmaceutical sectors who are eager to explore new avenues for groundbreaking work.