Poly (lactic) acid (PLA) hybrid bionanoarchitectures for tissue engineering

Nanotechnological advancements has facilitated tissue engineering (TE) in functioning as advanced biological alternatives for use in repairing or replacing damaged human tissues or organs. Synthetic biopolymeric bionanoarchitectures has garnered wide attention for usage in construction of TE scaffolds attributed to their inherent biocompatibility and biodegradation features. For effective construction of three dimensional (3D) scaffolds in TE, commonly utilized synthetic biopolymeric matrices includes saturated poly (alpha-hydroxy esters), such as poly (alpha-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly (glycolic acid) (PGA), poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and so on. In a bid to improve their mechanically, and cellularly adherence as well as proliferation features, nanoparticulates/nanomaterials (NMs) including carbon derivatives, nanoclay derivatives, apatite and metallic nanoparticulates and so on, have been extensively incorporated within these biopolymeric matrices. Hence, this paper presents emerging advances in construction, deciphering and features of PLA hybrid bionanoarchitectures for tissue engineering applications.