Assessment of patient characteristics influencing the complexity of leadless pacemaker implantation

BACKGROUND The complexity of leadless pacemaker (LP) implantation varies widely. However, the predictive factors determining this difficulty are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors influencing LP implantation difficulty, specifically procedural time during right atrial (RA) and right ventricular (RV) manipulation, based on patient background, cardiac function, and anatomic characteristics. METHODS Analysis included LP implantation cases between 2017 and 2023, excluding the initial 3 implants performed by each operator. The relevance of patient background, cardiac function, and anatomic features on procedural and fluoroscopy times was evaluated. RESULTS Fifty-four patients (mean age 82.2 +/- 10.0 years; 57.4% male) were included in the study. Median procedural and fluoros- copy time was 45.8 minutes and 16.0 minutes, respectively, with an average of 2.0 +/- 1.4 device deployments. Univariate analysis showed associations between procedural time and older age, RA and RV diameter, and severity of tricuspid regurgitation (TR). After adjustment for physician and potential contributing factors, RV dilation (midventricular diameter >35 mm) and severe TR were identified as independent predictors of prolonged procedural time. Medical history exhibited no association with procedural time. Consistent results were observed in analyses using fluoroscopy time as the outcome. CONCLUSION RV dilation and severe TR were associated with prolonged procedural time for LP implantation. Anatomic features obtained from preprocedural echocardiography could provide valuable insights into both the safety and efficiency of LP implantation, thereby enhancing tailored treatment strategies for patients undergoing pacemaker implantation.