A Survey on Security, Privacy, Trust, and Architectural Challenges in IoT Systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) emerged as a pervasive technology, facilitating the seamless interaction of devices, individuals, and services, enabling data exchange and task execution across various domains. While the impact of IoT is undeniably transformative, its extensive proliferation raised significant concerns surrounding security, privacy, and trust, which stand as critical barriers to the widespread adoption and advancement of IoT technology. This review article explores IoT security, privacy, and trust research using a 3-layer IoT architecture. After introducing the fundamental tenets of IoT security, privacy, and trust, it proceeds to examine the prevalent security requirements within IoT architectures and their associated challenges. Then, the survey investigates the recent trends in research dedicated to addressing security, privacy, and trust issues within IoT systems. Furthermore, this article reviews the latest advancements and methodologies designed to secure IoT systems against security breaches and protect the privacy of sensitive data. Finally, the survey outlines unresolved challenges within the IoT security landscape and potential solutions. By offering this consolidated insight, this article offers a bridge between foundational and advanced IoT security topics, providing researchers with an in-depth understanding of current IoT security, privacy, and trust challenges, as well as cutting-edge solutions tailored to address the security and trust-related obstacles faced by IoT applications. In addition, it provides the IoT community with the knowledge necessary to navigate the complex terrain of security, privacy, and trust in IoT systems.