Measuring and characterising green jobs: A literature review

This study presents a comprehensive literature review on green job measurement and characterisation across various countries and world regions. The study adopts a conceptual framework distinguishing between outputbased and process-based greenness, and entity-level and occupation-specific measurement techniques. The wideranging green job estimates result from diverse concepts, measurement techniques, and employment scopes considered. This study discusses practical challenges in both entity-level and occupation-specific measurement approaches. Entity-level measurement approaches use aggregate statistics or survey data to examine green jobs through green entities, though identifying these entities remains challenging. In the US, studies often rely on the Green Goods and Services (GGS) or Green Technologies and Practices (GTP) surveys, while the EU employs the Environmental Goods and Services Sector (EGSS) approach, with individual countries using different estimation strategies. For occupation-specific green job research, the primary dataset is the ONET green job classification, linking occupations with tasks and skills. Various methods are used to measure green jobs, including discrete categories, constructing continuous green task indices for occupations, and constructing continuous green skill indices. The study highlights the need for future research to (1) identify, motivate, and assess conceptual choices, measurement techniques, and employment scopes, and (2) update green and brown job classification systems.