Evaluation of Five-year Overall Survival Rates Among 18,331 Head and Neck Cancer Patients Exposed to Different Targeted Therapies Through Real-world Data in a Case-controlled Study

Background/Aim: Targeted therapy is an important and fast developing aspect of modern tumor therapy including therapy of head and neck cancer (HNC). Surgically treated patients often experience significant limitations to their ability to swallow, speak, or mimic expressions. In cases of recurrent tumors or palliative situations, targeted therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are frequently employed. This study compared different targeted therapies focusing on survival probability. Patients and Methods: Data from patients with head and neck cancer treated with different therapy regimens from the TriNetX network were analyzed. Two groups were formed: Cohort I received one targeted therapy, whereas patients in cohort II received a different targeted therapy. Cohorts I and II were matched 1:1 with respect to certain confounders. After defining the primary outcome as "death", a Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed, and the risk ratio (RR), odds ratio (OR), and hazard ratio (HR) were calculated. Results: A total of 18,331 patients with HNC treated with targeted therapy were analyzed. Patients treated with VEGF inhibitors had a significantly longer overall survival than patients treated with c -MET or EGFR inhibitors. Patients treated with PI3K inhibitors showed a significantly reduced survival probability compared to those treated with c -MET, mTOR, and RET inhibitors. Conclusion: EGFR inhibitors are one of the most frequently used targeted therapies in HNC. However, in the present analysis, a survival advantage of patients treated with c -MET inhibitors or VEGF inhibitors was observed compared to those treated with EGFR inhibitors.