Heat transfer analysis of ternary hybrid Williamson nanofluids with gyrotactic microorganisms across stretching surfaces: Local non-similarity method

Managing and controlling energy amidst rapid industrial and technological advancements pose significant challenges. Enhanced heat transfer processes, like free convection in solar panels and nuclear power plants, offer potential to reduce energy consumption and improve system efficiency. Understanding elements such as magnetic fields, thermal radiation, and nanoparticle morphology can optimize fluid dynamics and heat transfer across various domains including energy, aerospace, and nuclear power. This study aims to develop a two-dimensional Williamson fluid model with ternary hybrid nanofluids and gyrotactic microorganisms to deepen our understanding of heat transfer. Methodological enhancements include integrating viscous dissipation formulations and adopting the Rosseland approximation to address radiation effects accurately. By leveraging non-similarity transformations, equations are rendered nondimensional for efficient numerical solutions using MAT LAB. Graphical overviews and tables aid in comprehending key factors for practical applications and engineering analyses.