Damage evolution and failure mechanism of masonry walls under in-plane cyclic loading

Masonry structures often exhibit poor seismic performance during earthquakes owing to their low material strength, structural integrity, and ductility. To address the mechanism of in -plane damage and collapse of masonry walls subjected to earthquake ground motion, three full-size brick walls, one with structural columns and two without structural columns, were designed and constructed in this experimental study to quantitatively investigate the effect of structural columns on the seismic performance of masonry walls. Quasi -static tests of masonry walls subjected to cyclic lateral loading were conducted using electrohydraulic servo actuators. The inplane damage evolution and failure mode of the masonry walls under lateral loading were investigated. A numerical model with a novel plastic damage constitutive model of masonry was established. The accuracy of this model and the calculation results were verified by comparing them with the crack development and mechanical property curves obtained from the experiments. Based on the numerical model, a parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of critical factors, such as mortar strength, vertical load, and height -to -width ratio, on the seismic performance of masonry structures. The test results showed that structural columns can effectively improve the performance of masonry structures. Properly installed structural columns can improve the peak load -bearing capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation of masonry structures. The masonry damage constitutive model used in this study could simulate the damage to masonry wall specimens well and reflect the hysteretic curves of the specimens within an acceptable range of accuracy. Thus, it provides a valuable reference for physical experiments. An appropriate mortar strength and vertical compressive stress can effectively enhance the loadbearing capacity of masonry structures within a certain range. For structural column walls. Walls with mortar strengths (average compressive strength) of 12.5 MPa, 10 MPa, 7.5 MPa, and 5 MPa showed an increase in peak bearing capacity of 26.2 %, 23.9 %, 18.5 %, and 9.4 %, respectively, compared to walls with mortar strengths (average compressive strength) of 2.5 Mpa. The aspect ratio had a significant impact on the shear load -bearing capacity of the masonry walls. An increase in the aspect ratio led to a transition from shear failure to flexural failure and a subsequent decrease in shear load -bearing capacity. For masonry walls with structural columns, increasing the diameter of the longitudinal steel in the structural columns can enhance the load bearing capacity of the masonry wall, resulting in a significant improvement in its overall performance.