Socialized mitochondria: mitonuclear crosstalk in stress

Traditionally, mitochondria are considered sites of energy production. However, recent studies have suggested that mitochondria are signaling organelles that are involved in intracellular interactions with other organelles. Remarkably, stressed mitochondria appear to induce a beneficial response that restores mitochondrial function and cellular homeostasis. These mitochondrial stress-centered signaling pathways have been rapidly elucidated in multiple organisms. In this review, we examine current perspectives on how mitochondria communicate with the rest of the cell, highlighting mitochondria-to-nucleus (mitonuclear) communication under various stresses. Our understanding of mitochondria as signaling organelles may provide new insights into disease susceptibility and lifespan extension. Mitochondria, the energy producers in our cells, have a more intricate role than we thought. Kim and Lee's study examines how mitochondria interact with the rest of the cell, especially the nucleus (cell's control center), when under stress. They thoroughly reviewed existing research, focusing on the different ways mitochondria pass on information. They discovered that mitochondria can send messages to the nucleus using various molecules, including acetyl-coenzyme A, reactive oxygen species, calcium ions, and even small proteins made by the mitochondria itself. These messages can cause different reactions in the cell, like changes in gene activity or metabolism, helping the cell cope with stress. This research enhances our knowledge of how cells communicate and could impact the treatment of diseases linked to mitochondrial issues.This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the author.