Enhancing brilliant green dye removal via bio composite chitosan and food-grade algae capsulated ruthenium metal-organic framework: Optimization of adsorption parameters by box-behnken design

A natural material made of chitosan (CS) and algae (food-grade algae, FGA) was cross-linked and loaded onto a ruthenium metal organic framework to create a bio-adsorbent (Ru-MOF@CS/FGA composite sponge) with the aim of adsorbing and eliminating Brilliant green (BG) from aqueous solutions. A range of methods were employed to analyze the Ru-MOF@CS/FGA composite sponge, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to ascertain the function groups, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to establish the surface morphology, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to study of single and multi-phase polycrystalline materials. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (BET) confirmed the adsorbent's high surface area and pore volume (826.85 m2/g and 1.28 cm3/g, respectively) and decreased to 475.62 m2/g and 0.74 cm3/g after adsorption. Determine the several factors that affect the adsorption process, such as pH, the adsorbent's dose, the initial BG concentration, and the effect of salinity. The adsorption process was fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherms. Dubinin-Radushkevich analysis revealed that the adsorption energy was 23.8 kJ/mol, indicating chemisorption as the mode of adsorption. It was discovered through examining the impact of temperature and computing positive-charged enthalpy and entropy that the adsorption process was endothermic, meaning that it increased in response to temperature. It is possible to reuse the Ru-MOF@CS/FGA composite sponge six times with acceptable efficiency, no change in its chemical composition, and comparable FT-IR, XPS, and XRD data before and after each reuse. Examine the mechanisms of adsorbent-adsorbate interaction, which may involve H-bonding, n-pi stacking, electrostatic forces, and pore filling. The adsorption results were optimized with the Box Behnken-design (BBD).