Enhancing sustainable composites: isolation of nanocellulose from Selenicereus undatus (dragon fruit) and kenaf fiber reinforcement in vinyl ester matrix-a study on mechanical, wear, fatigue, creep, and dynamic mechanical properties

This study explores the potential of utilizing nanocellulose extracted from Selenicereus undatus (dragon fruit) and kenaf fiber to enhance the properties of vinyl ester composites. With a focus on sustainable and high-performance materials, our research aims to innovate by reinforcing composites with bioderived nanocellulose and natural fibers. We employ traditional hand layup techniques for precise assembly and abrasive water jet machining for accurate specimen preparation, merging conventional fabrication methods with advanced material science. The integration of nanocellulose and kenaf fibers is expected to significantly enhance the mechanical durability and environmental resistance of the composites, addressing both performance and sustainability concerns. Our comprehensive analysis, following ASTM standards, evaluates mechanical, wear, fatigue, creep, and dynamic mechanical properties of the developed composites. The standout composite, designated VC2, exhibits notable performance improvements, including a tensile strength of 162 MPa, flexural strength of 191 MPa, and impact energy absorption of 5.12 J, among others. Furthermore, VC3 demonstrates exceptional fatigue resistance, while VC4 shows reduced creep strain, highlighting the material's resilience under cyclic loading and prolonged stress. These findings underscore the synergistic effects of combining nanocellulose and kenaf fibers within a vinyl ester matrix, resulting in marked enhancements in both mechanical properties and durability. The successful application of these biobased reinforcements opens new avenues for sustainable composite materials across industries, from automotive to aerospace. This research not only advances our understanding of biocomposite materials but also demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating agricultural waste products into high-value engineering applications. Future studies will focus on optimizing composite formulation and exploring scalability for commercial use, further advancing the field of sustainable material science.