Protein Flexibility and Multiple Docking in Ligand Docking and Virtual Screening to the BRAF (Type Ⅰ1/2) Inhibitors

BRAF has been recognized as a promising target for cancer therapy. A number of crystal structures have been published. Molecular docking is one of the most effective techniques in the field of computer-aided drug design(CADD). Appropriate protein conformation and docking method are essential for the successful virtual screening experiments. One approach considering protein flexibility and multiple docking methods was proposed in this study. Six DFG-in/αC-helix-out crystal structures of BRAF, three docking programs(Glide, GOLD and Ligand Fit) and 12 scoring functions were applied for the best combination by judging from the results of pose prediction and retrospective virtual screening(VS). The most accurate results(mean RMSD of about 0.6 ?) of pose prediction were obtained with two complex structures(PDB: 3 C4 C and 3 SKC) using Glide SP. From the retrospective VS, the most active compounds were identified by using the complex structure of 3 SKC, indicated by a ROC/AUC score of 0.998 and an EF of 20.6 at 5% of the database screen with Glide-SP. On the whole, PDB 3 SKC could achieve a higher rate of correct reproduction, a better enrichment and more diverse compounds. A comparison of 3 SKC and the other X-ray crystal structures led to a rationale for the docking results. PDB 3 SKC could achieve a broad range of sulfonamide substitutions through an expanded hydrophobic pocket formed by a further shift of the αC-helix. Our study emphasized the necessity and significance of protein flexibility and scoring functions in both ligand docking and virtual screening.