GENERAL-PRINCIPLES OF AVIAN SURGERY

The demand for surgical treatment of avian patients is increasing as the popularity of birds as pets spreads. Although the general tenets of surgery apply, application of these rules should be revised to accommodate lightweight materials if possible. Anesthesia, time, and risk to the patient are significantly reduced by thorough preparation and anticipation of surgical needs. Instruments must be fine tipped and delicate to prevent iatrogenic damage. Heating pads should be used for all patients. Fracture repair involves adapting techniques to the lightweight, thin cortical bones of birds. Soft tissue surgery requires a delicate touch, intimate knowledge of the anatomy, and meticulous hemostasis.