METAL-ION PRODUCTION IN ECRIS (INVITED)

The most popular methods of producing ions of solid elements are recalled: (a) utilization of gaseous compounds; (b) oven techniques; (c) insertion techniques, which thanks to the ECRIS plasma confinement enable heating the metallic sample up to unparalleled temperatures (yielding enough vapor even for the most refractory elements); and (d) wall recycling techniques which play an important role in the ECRIS behavior. Typical ion yields for various elements are shown, comparisons are done, and a few practical hints are given.