Effect of water quantity and quality on the properties of alginate impression materials

Background. Alginates are impression materials commonly used in prosthodontics and orthodontics. However, all these materials have some disadvantages, such as limited elasticity, tearing resistance and low dimensional stability. Objectives. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of various water quantities and qualities on changes in the properties of alginates. Material and methods. Two alginates, Neocolloid and Tulip, were mixed with different volumes of water, water with calcium ions, or sparkling water with CO2. The dimensions, setting times, and hardness of the specimens were measured and Young's modulus was calculated. The significance of the difference between the mean values of different groups and the control group was assessed by Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test. Results. The dimensional stability changes of both alginate impression materials were statistically dependent on the quantity of water used for mixing. Sample storage over 24 h of samples prepared with + 15% water led to 5.00% shrinkage for Neocolloid and 4.41% for Tulip. The setting times of Neocolloid and Tulip were significantly prolonged when the alginates were prepared with + 15% water; the addition of calcium ions shortened the setting times of both alginates. Specimens mixed with the water containing Ca2+ ions were characterized by greater hardness and Young's modulus values when compared to the alginate mixed with distilled water. Conclusions. For mixing alginates, it is necessary to use the manufacturers' recommended mixing ratios between powder and water. To obtain the right setting time, hardness and elasticity, the application of distilled or demineralized water is advised.