Hypothalamic neuronal histamine modulates adaptive behavior and thermogenesis in response to endogenous pyrogen

Homeostatic involvement of hypothalamic neuronal histamine in adaptive behavior and thermogenesis was investigated when interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), one of the endogenous pyrogens, was infused peripherally in rats. IL-1 beta decreased food and water intake and elevated body temperature. Depletion of neuronal histamine in the hypothalamus induced by alpha-fluoromethylhistidine, a suicide inhibitor of the histamine synthesizing enzyme histidine decarboxylase (HDC), attenuated the suppressive effect of IL-1 beta on food intake, facilitated the inhibitory effect on water intake, and enhanced its thermogenic effect. Simultaneously IL-1 beta increased activity of HDC and histamine-N-methyltransferase (HMT), a neuronal histamine catabolizing enzyme, Pretreatment with indomethacin completely blocked those increases in turnover of neuronal histamine induced by IL-1 beta. Hypothalamic prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) activated by peripheral IL-1 beta, but not peripheral PGE(2), increased both activities of HDC and HMT. Ginsenoside Rg(1), a major component of panax ginseng, modulated the suppressive effects of IL-1 beta on ingestive behavior, resulting in a lowering of body temperature. The findings suggest that the effects of IL-1 beta on ingestive behavior and thermogenesis may be modulated by dynamics of hypothalamic neuronal histamine through activation of hypothalamic PGE(2) which is elevated by peripheral IL-1 beta.