Hypocretin/orexin disturbances in neurological disorders

The hypothalamic hypocretin (orexin) system plays a crucial role in the regulation of steep and wakefulness. The strongest evidence for this is the fact that the primary steep disorder narcolepsy is caused by disrupted hypocretin signaling in humans as well as various animal models. There is a growing interest in the role of hypocretin defects not only in the pathophysiology of other steep disorders, but also in neurological diseases with associated steep symptomatology. In this paper we first review the current methods to measure the integrity of the hypocretin system in human patients. The most widely used technique entails the measurement of hypocretin-1 in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, hypocretin levels can be measured in ventricutar cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue extract. Finally, in post-mortem hypothalamic material, the number of hypocretin neurons can be precisely quantified. In the second part of this paper we describe the various neurological disorders in which hypocretin defects have been reported. These include neurodegenerative, neuromuscular and immune-mediated diseases, as welt as traumatic brain injury. We conclude with a discussion of the functional relevance of partial hypocretin defects, and the various pathophysiological mechanisms that can lead to such defects. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.