Gramsci in Brazil: From the PCB to the MST

This article examines the specific case of Brazil as an area in which Gramscian analysis has been put to practical use. It examines the application of Gramsci's work to Brazilian reality in three different ways. First, the introduction of concepts derived from the Prison Notebooks in order to understand the development of capitalism in Brazil. This aspect deals in particular with the concept of passive revolution', and the relationship between Eastern' and Western' social formations in Gramsci's analysis. Second, the role of Gramscian thought for political parties, particularly the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) and later the Workers Party (PT), in particular the novel formulations of Gramsci's concept of hegemony that appear during the PT presidencies. Third, the varied appropriation of Gramscian analysis by the Landless Workers Movement of Brazil (MST), situated in an appreciation of Gramsci's concept of the Modern Prince'. The purpose of the article is to reflect on the possibilities and limitations of translating Gramsci's thought to new contexts, and how new developments may or may not maintain the leitmotif of his thought.