CHALCOGENAPYRYLIUM DYES AS PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS .2. TUMOR UPTAKE, MITOCHONDRIAL TARGETING, AND SINGLET-OXYGEN-INDUCED INHIBITION OF CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE

Cationic selena- and tellurapyrylium dyes ld-g and li were found to inhibit cytochrome c oxidase upon irradiation of isolated mitochondrial suspensions treated with 10 μM solutions of dye. The amount of inhibition by these dyes was found to be related to oxygen concentration and inversely related to the concentration of added imidazole, a singlet-oxygen trap, suggesting that singlet oxygen is responsible, at least in part, for the inhibition of the enzyme. Dyes ld-g and li, containing either selenium or tellurium, produce singlet oxygen with a quantum efficiency Φ(1O2), between 0.005 and 0.09 in methanol. Dyes 1a-c, containing the lighter chalcogens oxygen and sulfur, have values of Φ(1O2), that are less than 0.0008 in methanol and do not inhibit cytochrome c oxidase in irradiated mitochondrial suspensions. Dyes 1c and 1d have nearly identical spectral and redox properties. Only the selenapyrylium dye 1d inhibits the enzyme, suggesting that neither ground-state nor excited-state electron transfer is important in inhibition of the enzyme. Electron micrographs of human U251 glioma cells, treated in vitro with li and light, showed pronounced morphology changes in the mitochondrial membranes relative to electron micrographs of untreated cells. Epifluorescence microscopy of the treated cells showed granular yellow-green fluorescence presumably from photooxidized dye in the mitochondria. © 1990, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.