Laboratory and field analysis of flowback water from gas shales

Flowback water is usually highly saline and the salt concentration varies by time and well location. Understanding the origin of the flowback salts is essential for evaluating fracturing and flowback processes. In this study, laboratory and field analyses are performed to investigate the origin of the flowback salts. The field data includes the total salt concentration (salinity), individual ion concentration, pH, and dissolved oxygen measured during the flowback process for three wells completed in the Horn River Basin. The rock mineralogy is determined using XRD. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of shale samples are measured using ammonium acetate method. Water and oil imbibition experiments are conducted for shale samples of different surface-to-volume ratio. The individual ion concentration is measured during the water imbibition experiments using ICP-MS and IC. EDXS analysis is used to investigate the surface of natural fractures. Noticeable amount of barium found on the surface of natural fractures suggests that the barium in the flowback water primarily originates from the natural fractures. Furthermore, the samples with higher clay content have higher CEC. During the water imbibition process, these samples have higher and faster ion transfer from shale -to -water; suggesting the mobilization of the exchangeable ions from the clays. During the water imbibition experiment, the Na/CI and K/CI ratios are initially high and decrease at the later times. Leaching of the exchangeable sodium and potassium ions from the clay minerals is a possible reason for the initial high Na/CI and K/CI molar ratios. The dissolution of chloride -bearing components increases the chloride concentration, which decreases the Na/CI and K/CI molar ratios at later times. The measured pH is slightly above 8 for all of the flowback water samples. The presence of natural buffer systems such as calcite and dolomite may explain the neutral pH range of the flowback water. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.