LADDER OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

被引：7346
作者：
ARNSTEIN, SR [1 ]
机构：
[1] COMMONS,WASHINGTON,DC
来源：
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNERS | 1969年 / 35卷 / 04期
关键词：
D O I：
10.1080/01944366908977225
中图分类号：
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号：
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要：
The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control”, and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens' power in determining the plan and/or program. © 1969 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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页码：216 / 224
页数：9
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