LADDER OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

被引：7346

作者：

ARNSTEIN, SR ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] COMMONS,WASHINGTON,DC

来源：

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNERS | 1969年 / 35卷 / 04期

关键词：

D O I：

10.1080/01944366908977225

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control”, and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens' power in determining the plan and/or program. © 1969 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

引用

页码：216 / 224

页数：9