The energy band gap narrowing effect in heavily C-doped GaAs was investigated using photoluminescence spectroscopy. The band gap was determined over the hole density range 10(17) - 4 x 10(20) cm-3 at 10 and 300 K. The band gap data at low temperatures confirm the available theoretical calculations up to 10(20) cm-3. An unexpected temperature dependence of the observed band gap at high doping levels is discussed on the basis of carrier-phonon interactions. We present an analysis of the band gap narrowing effect that can be used for nondestructive measurement of hole densities in the range 10(17) - 4 x 10(20) CM-3.