The nestmate recognition system of Ectatomma ruidum, a common neotropical ant, is labile; recognition labels are readily transferred among ants from different colonies. Label transfer facilitates a system of extensive inter-colonial thievery, which results in high rates of food flow among E. ruidum colonies. A colony may rob several target colonies, but individual thief ants acquire the recognition labels for a specific target colony and apparently specialize on robbing only that colony. While chemical camouflage has previously been demonstrated in intraspecific guests or parasites in ant colonies, such deceptive methods by conspecifics provide special insight into the function of nestmate recognition systems. © 1992.