THE IMPACT OF FUNGI ON SOIL SEEDS - IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANTS AND GRANIVORES IN A SEMIARID SHRUB-STEPPE

Fungi are ubiquitous in soil and may affect seed survivorship directly by decomposition or pathogenesis, or indirectly through the effects of fungi on seed preference of granivores. We studied the role of fungi in the persistence of soil seeds in a shrub-steppe ecosystem using two experimental approaches. In the first, we examined survivorship of 900 seeds of five shrub-steppe species in nylon bags over a 10-mo period and determined viable seed losses to germination, decomposition, and pathogens. The proportion of seeds representing a viable seed bank decreased from 84.4% in the May pre-experimental conditions to 4.4% in March. Decomposition and attack by fungi were responsible for the greatest decrease from fall to winter (0% in August, 32.0% in November, 35.2% in March) while germination accounted for the greatest decrease from winter to spring (18.5% in August, 21.9% in November, 55.0% in March). Small seeds were more likely to be lost to decomposition and pathogens, whereas larger seeds had greater losses to germination. A subset of 80 experimental seeds was cultured for seed-infecting fungi. We found fungi in virtually all seeds; the most common fungal isolates were cosmopolitan soil fungi, such as species of Penicillium and Mucor. These species are known producers of extracellular enzymes and mycotoxins. Two sterile (nonfruiting) forms of fungi were also frequently isolated, as were two pathogenic species of Fusarium. In a second experiment we placed seeds in fungal cultures obtained from soil seeds and presented moldy seeds along with control seeds to a shrub-steppe granivore, the western harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis). Ants harvested control seeds at nearly twice the rate of moldy seeds, suggesting that they avoided seeds infected with fungi. In this way, fungi may indirectly affect seed mortality due to predation by granivores, in addition to the direct effects fungi can have on seed survivorship. We suggest that fungi may play an important role in soil seed dynamics, but one that is poorly understood.