THE PARENTAL CARE BEHAVIOR OF PARATILAPIA-POLLENI (PERCIFORMES, LABROIDEI), A PHYLOGENETICALLY PRIMITIVE CICHLID FROM MADAGASCAR, WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE EVOLUTION OF MATERNAL-CARE IN THE FAMILY CICHLIDAE

The parental behaviour of the Madagascan cichlid, Paratilapia polleni, was studied in the laboratory. According to current hypotheses of phylogenetic intrarelationship for the family Cichlidae, Paratilapia is a representative of a phylogenetically primitive cichlid lineage, and as such is of particular interest in comparative evolutionary studies. Given the basal phylogenetic placement of Paratilapia it seems reasonable to expect that, if maternal participation in brood care arose within the extant Cichlidae, then the proposed plesiomorphic system of extensive male care of eggs and embryos may be retained in this taxon. This is not the case, and already by the fertilized-egg interval male and female roles in Paratilapia are strongly differentiated with the female as the primary care giver. In addition to specialized behavioural roles, a unique egg morphology and mobile egg mass is described for Paratilapia. The results of the study are discussed in the context of theories of the evolution of maternal brood care within the Cichlidae.