TECHNOLOGY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SALINITY STRESS TOLERANCE MECHANISMS IN CEREALS

Cereals are grown in almost every region of the world and exposed to a variety of environmental stresses that severely affect their growth and grain yield due to changes in morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular plant processes. The adverse effects of salinity include ion toxicity, nutrient constraints, osmotic stress and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species those damage membrane lipids, protein and nucleic acid. Maintenance of high cytosolic K+/Na+ concentration is a key requirement for plant salt tolerance. Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) signaling pathway, composed of SOS1, 2 and 3 proteins, has emerged as a key factor in the detection of and tolerance to salt stress. One of the most important challenges in the research of life sciences is to attribute physiological functions precisely to responsible genes. Despite the rapid development of toolkits to manipulate individual genes, large-scale screening methods based on the complete loss of gene expression are still missing. In particular, RNAi-based down-regulation of any particular gene expression is not always sufficient to cause phenotypical changes of interest; a method was developed of gene identification based on functional screening and high-throughput sequencing. The broad application of this powerful genetic screening enable the discovery of genes that participate in a broad range of biological processes. Next generation a technology in crop plant genomics is now firmly embedded in the breeding of various crops, improving the precision of breeding and enabling the assembly of multiple traits in new elite breeding lines and varieties. High-throughput biology serves as one facet of what has also been called "omics research"-the interface between large scale biology (Genome, proteome, transcriptome), technology and researchers. The complete genome sequences of hundreds of organisms have provided the list of components required to make an organism viable. To understand the responses to abiotic stress we must study the molecular and physiological traits for development salt tolerance crops.