Metalloproteinases (MMPs) of the extracellular matrix in Dentistry

Most body tissues are found in a constant renovation process, modulated by a large number of proteins that induce tissue synthesis and degradation over time. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of 25 zinc-dependent endopeptidases in charge of the cleavage of the immediate components of the extracellular matrix. Certain MMPs, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, are related to the development of dental germ as well as odontogenic tumor invasion and proliferation. They are a significant factor in tumor aggressiveness and possible treatments. Moreover, both MMPs participate in the progression of dental caries and apical periodontitis in patients with necrotic pulp. Several periodontal pathogens promote the secretion of both MMP-2 and MMP-9, increasing the destruction of periodontal tissues, which is closely linked to the progression of the disease. High levels of these MMPs are found in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, not only in the compression side but also on the tension one. This establishes a connection between tooth movement and tissue renovation. This review analyzes MMPs expression and usefulness in different areas of dental science, emphasizing their potential as biomarkers.