Internal Jugular Vein Valve Morphology in the Patients with Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency (CCSVI); Angiographic Findings and Schematic Demonstrations

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a syndrome recently described in multiple sclerosis patients. It is characterized by abnormal venous hemodynamics resulting from numerous obstacles in the main veins draining the central nervous system, usually: the internal jugular veins and the azygous vein. Internal jugular vein is the most commonly vein affected. Most of the abnormalities in this vein are located at the level of jugular valve. The aim of this review is to give venographic and schematic descriptions of the most common valvular and perivalvular anomalies found in the lower part of internal jugular vein.