EARLY C-ELEGANS EMBRYOS ARE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE

We have developed a nucleotide incorporation assay for run-on transcription in C. elegans embryonic extracts as an approach to characterizing early transcription. The incorporation is primarily polymerase II-catalyzed RNA synthesis, producing transcripts of the expected size range for mRNAs. Incorporation is insensitive to inhibitors of reinitiation, indicating that the activity represents primarily elongation of nascent chains initiated prior to extract preparation. The transcripts produced appear to be unprocessed pre-mRNAs. Hybridization of labeled transcripts from extracts of staged embryos to a set of cloned genes suggests that the specificity of the in vitro reaction accurately reflects developmentally regulated in vivo transcription. Comparative analyses of transcription in extracts from various stages indicate that pregastrulation embryos are active transcriptionally and that the level of transcription per nucleus is approximately constant throughout embryogenesis. Furthermore, most embryonically expressed genes are already being transcribed in pregastrulation embryos. We also demonstrate that the labeled embryonic run-on transcripts can be used as probes to screen for sequences transcribed preferentially in pregastrulation embryos. There appears to be only a small set of such sequences, which could represent a previously unsuspected class of embryonically transcribed genes important for early embryogenesis.