BEV-SGD: Best Effort Voting SGD Against Byzantine Attacks for Analog-Aggregation-Based Federated Learning Over the Air

As a promising distributed learning technology, analog aggregation-based federated learning over the air (FLOA) provides high communication efficiency and privacy provisioning under the edge computing paradigm. When all edge devices (workers) simultaneously upload their local updates to the parameter server (PS) through commonly shared time-frequency resources, the PS obtains the averaged update only rather than the individual local ones. While such a concurrent transmission and aggregation scheme reduces the latency and communication costs, it unfortunately renders FLOA vulnerable to Byzantine attacks. Aiming at Byzantine-resilient FLOA, this article starts from analyzing the channel inversion (CI) mechanism that is widely used for power control in FLOA. Our theoretical analysis indicates that although CI can achieve good learning performance in the benign scenarios, it fails to work well with limited defensive capability against Byzantine attacks. Then, we propose a novel scheme called the best effort voting (BEV) power control policy that is integrated with stochastic gradient descent (SGD). Our BEV-SGD enhances the robustness of FLOA to Byzantine attacks, by allowing all the workers to send their local updates at their maximum transmit power. Under worst-case attacks, we derive the expected convergence rates of FLOA with CI and BEV power control policies, respectively. The rate comparison reveals that our BEV-SGD outperforms its counterpart with CI in terms of better convergence behavior, which is verified by experimental simulations.