The Influence of Incarceration on Children at the Intersection of Parental Gender and Race/Ethnicity: A Focus on Child Living Arrangements

Children of fathers are found to be more likely to live with their other parent during incarceration than are children of mothers in a state sample. Although patterns are similar for men across race and ethnicity, patterns differ among women: children of non-Hispanic White women are more likely to live with their other parent than are children of African American and Hispanic mothers. Among mothers, income levels explain racial and ethnic differences in the odds of living with the other parent during imprisonment. If race and ethnic disparities in income were reduced, disruption in child living arrangements during imprisonment may be minimized.